Lives behind the findings

The stories within the patterns

Seven major themes organize 30 connected subthemes across 2,933 coded interview response units. Participant voices show how broad patterns entered work, family, trust, and everyday decisions.

01

Major theme

Relief and possibility

Forgiveness as relief, disbelief, or life re-opening

Forgiveness was described as both hard to believe and capable of reopening choices about work, retirement, and everyday life.

How the theme connects

Connected subthemes

  • Hypothetical or anticipated forgiveness
  • Relief after approval
  • Future imagined differently
  • Pending decision anxiety
  • Skepticism until complete
I got the notification, and then they gave me back my money because I paid after the loans had been discharged. The whole thing was, ‘Are you serious? What’s going on?’ Then I got a check in the mail. It was very strange.
Violet Amos, interview participant
If my student loans were forgiven today, I would feel comfortable taking a job that paid less. I would also be thinking about retiring at 65 rather than 70 or 72. I would feel more hopeful. I would feel lighter.
Lynn Sousou, interview participant
I retired in December 2022, which was early retirement for me—partially possible because my loans were forgiven in 2021.
Cybecris, interview participant
Maybe I’ll have a 401(k). Maybe I can send my daughter to college debt-free. It’s longevity and security, because my finances have been month to month for so long.
Florence Gause, interview participant
I would be over the moon if I got forgiveness. I’m going toward that path, but there’s still resistance because you never know what’s going to change under each administration. I’d be ecstatic if I got it.
Bruce Wayne, interview participant
My forgiveness will be a weight lifted—a weight we didn’t even realize we were carrying. It will be a relief, and maybe even a sense of accomplishment: a lot of people didn’t navigate the system, but we did.
Sutton Harris, interview participant
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02

Major theme

Planning through uncertainty

Policy instability and uncertainty as lived stress

Changing rules, litigation, and unclear repayment paths made uncertainty an ongoing condition of household planning.

How the theme connects

Connected subthemes

  • IDR as psychological safety net under threat
  • Administration whiplash
  • Policy trust erosion
  • Planning under moving rules
  • Litigation limbo
It’s a really big stressor, increasing daily anxiety. I saw there has been another change to the repayment plan. Do I have to sign up for it? Do I qualify? Is it going to help my payments? There are a million questions.
Bob A, interview participant
It’s always there. It’s ever present. Decisions I want to make about my career and my life are hamstrung by not knowing how much I’m going to have to pay, when it’s going to change, or under what circumstances.
Lynn Sousou, interview participant
I work best when there is a clear understanding of what I need to do and it’s articulated in layperson’s terms. Because there isn’t that, it causes a lot of distress.
Alice Hardy, interview participant
I’ve called and tried to talk to people, and nobody seems to be able to tell me. So I’ve given up and just make my payments every month—just staying in this one place and doing what I need to do.
Sola Ray, interview participant
The rules of the game change on a whim, with a different breeze. Here I am with one year to get through on these payments, and then I’m out of this. The 12 payments left are the light at the end of the tunnel.
C.D. Marlow, interview participant
I think uncertainty is the key word—even more than the amounts, just not knowing. Knowing that the unknowing is done purposefully sows antipathy and apathy in me, and I know I’m not the only one.
Steve A, interview participant
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03

Major theme

Milestones on hold

Delayed or reshaped adulthood milestones

Debt entered decisions about buying a home, having children, partnering, and saving for retirement.

How the theme connects

Connected subthemes

  • Childbearing decisions
  • Marriage/partner dynamics
  • Homeownership delay
  • Retirement/savings tradeoffs
Owning a home was one of my top adulting dreams. I think I would have gotten there much sooner had it not been for student loan debt and repayment.
Janelle Hanson, interview participant
We originally talked about having two children, but now that we have one, we don’t really see us affording a second. I will probably revisit that if my student loans get forgiven. It has impacted future planning.
Karlie Lass, interview participant
There have been multiple times when my balance was enough to buy a house, or close to it. I can’t pay off my house. I surely can’t pay off that.
Sky Stewart, interview participant
I grew up with a pretty big family. I’ve seen it, and I just don’t want to touch that life. There are a bunch of reasons, but the biggest piece is financial—and the biggest financial reason is student loan debt.
Charles Silver, interview participant
We got a later start on having a child, but one of the big reasons we decided to have only one was financial precarity. We would have loved to have more kids. Financial reasons definitely shaped us having one child.
Steve A, interview participant
The money we’ve saved for things is now going toward this buyback next year. There’s a little strife around that—putting away funds for our own kids’ college while still paying off my own loans.
C.D. Marlow, interview participant
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04

Major theme

Work and public service

Career constraint, public-service attachment, and job tradeoffs

Public-service commitments were weighed against lower pay, burnout, and the need to preserve eligibility for forgiveness.

How the theme connects

Connected subthemes

  • Staying for PSLF eligibility
  • Lower pay vs forgiveness
  • Job lock
  • Career satisfaction under debt
I was very careful not to change jobs. Even when I had offers, I turned them down because I didn’t want to risk anything changing with my payment. That has certainly impacted my whole career trajectory.
Janet Jack, interview participant
My rent is going up again another year, but working in nonprofit, my salary is not going up another year. So there is more budgeting—trying to figure out daily living and then incorporating student loan payments.
Sunshine Raining Day, interview participant
There’s burnout from the job itself, but then there’s the burnout of knowing that you feel stuck. If I wasn’t going for loan forgiveness, I would probably try a different career, but financially I don’t have another option.
Human Phunam, interview participant
I’ve never considered not working in the nonprofit or public-service sector. Because I was pursuing PSLF, I wasn’t even going to consider a job outside public service. Certainly that means it has impacted my career choice.
Joyce Bundy, interview participant
I have always chosen to work in a place that would qualify for Public Service Loan Forgiveness. It has always complicated where I could work and meant not having long periods between jobs, so I could keep accumulating those 120 payments.
Lala Yup, interview participant
As much as I wanted that job, I had to turn it down. I was eight and a half years in. I told them, ‘I love your job and I want to work here, and I’ll apply in 22 months. But I can’t do that right now.’
JayHawk_12, interview participant
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05

Major theme

Administrative burden

Plan churn, administrative burden, and bureaucratic opacity

Borrowers described paperwork, tracking, plan changes, and inconsistent messages as a second job layered onto repayment.

How the theme connects

Connected subthemes

  • SAVE/IBR movement
  • Buyback and count delays
  • Paperwork as labor
  • Servicer communication problems
I’ll get a document that says some nightmare scenario, and then I’ll call and three hours later find out the letter was a mistake. You get a different message based on who you talk to—mixed messaging that’s frequently inaccurate and hard to get a hold of.
Sutton Harris, interview participant
I went to an annual cadence of affirmation with the government to prove my qualifying payments. I ran into early qualification questions or disagreements, and then reverted to an annual audit process to increase transparency.
Jim Jones, interview participant
It wasn’t until I could look and see they had counted everything except the last eight months—and that they just needed to process the document—that I could see I was going to be there.
Lily, interview participant
My loan servicer has changed at least three times in the last 10 years. I get incorrect information in emails, conflicting information, and new information every couple of months that goes back on what they said would happen. The system is not functioning.
LIZ GIO, interview participant
One time I had my phone on hold for 12 hours and never got anyone. I left it on speakerphone all day. It was really frustrating not to have access to the servicers we didn’t choose to begin with.
Sola Ray, interview participant
I’ve tried to recertify my income for the last two years unsuccessfully because they just won’t process the paperwork. If I can make it to 10 years, if they process my paperwork, and if I can scrape up enough for buyback, then I might be free.
Satchmo Koga, interview participant
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06

Major theme

Trust and promises

Government trust, betrayal, and legitimacy

Participants used the language of promises, contracts, fairness, and betrayal to make sense of the repayment system.

How the theme connects

Connected subthemes

  • Partisan accountability
  • Loss of faith
  • Contractual moral language
  • Promise-breaking
We signed promissory notes at the beginning, and y’all can just do what y’all want.
Phoenix, interview participant
Up until November 2024, I had complete trust because everything was going smoothly. Then everything just kind of went downhill from there.
Liza, interview participant
I have very little trust, but I have faith and high hopes that it’s still going to work out for me—that I will get my student loans forgiven.
Karlie Lass, interview participant
I don’t think we have another choice. I don’t have trust that there will be a system for my daughter to borrow money in a fair way. I don’t have trust that the money is being used for the reasons of access anymore.
Harriet Tubman, interview participant
I feel like I had an agreement with the government that was written into law before I started college. I couldn’t sign a contract with a company and have them say, ‘Just kidding, we’re changing the contract.’ I’ve made all these life plans, and now my contract is being changed.
Elaine Nelson, interview participant
My trust is very low. I don’t trust the U.S. Department of Education right now. I think they’re very incompetent. They don’t know what they’re doing, and they’re doing more harm than anything.
Doc Vee, interview participant
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07

Major theme

Was college worth it?

Ambivalence about whether college was worth it

Participants separated the value of education from its price, producing answers that ranged from affirmation to regret.

How the theme connects

Connected subthemes

  • Different advice to children
  • Credential still valuable
  • Education as security but risky
  • Debt undercuts value
Absolutely, wholeheartedly. I was first-generation. I don’t know what I would have done were it not for college. College was, without a doubt, worth it in my situation.
Sutton Harris, interview participant
Was it worth going? Yes. Was it worth $200,000? Heck no. It was worth going. That’s why I think it’s the affordability problem that needs to be figured out.
Sky Stewart, interview participant
It was not worth it. Getting that PhD through that college at that time in my life was a mistake. I should never have done it.
Mee Mee Sobieski, interview participant
Yes, it was. I work in this industry, so I believe in the power of it. Especially in my graduate programs, I experienced a lot of growth—emotionally and knowledge-wise. I still think it was worth it, but things are very up in the air.
Thomas A, interview participant
I would say yes and no. Yes, because some opportunities I had, I wouldn’t have gotten without a degree. No, because of all the debt that I’m in.
Sunshine Raining Day, interview participant
I aspired to get a PhD at one point, and that’s not happening. I will never incur debt like that for myself again. There’s not a job, lifestyle, or career worth it.
Real Educator, interview participant
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